PC産業関連資料

PC産業関連(MIT修士論文)
Farner, Gary Noble (1982) A competitive Analysis of the personal computer industry, S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1982.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/49568/10338177.pdf
Schreiber, Deborah F. (1983) The strategic evolution of the personal computer industry,  S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1983.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/49888/11215844.pdf
Cohen, Jeremy Michael(1988) Rapid change in the personal computer market : a quality-adjusted Hedonic Price Index 1976-1987,S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1988.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/37699/19034803.pdf
Kai,Hidetaka(1992) Competitive Strategy Under Standardization in the Personal Computer Industry and Its Influence on New Entrants, unpublished S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1992.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/12794/27229594.pdf
PC産業関連(論文)
Toong, Hoo-min D., Gupta, Amar (1982) “Personal computers”,Scientific American, Dec. 1982, vol. 247, no.6: p. 86-107.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48857/personalcomputer00toon.pdf
Einstein,Marcus E. AND Janes C. Franklin “Computer manufacturing enters a new era of growth,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1986
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1986/09/art2full.pdf
同論文のp.10のTable 1 “Domestic consumption of micro, mini, and mainframe computers,’ 1960-84″が役立つ
Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Stern, Scott; Trajtenberg, Manuel(1996) “Market segmentation and the sources of rents from innovation : personal computers in the late 1980’s” Working paper (Sloan School of Management) ; 3927., WP (International Center for Research on the Management of Technology) ; 154-96.Cambridge, MA : International Center for Research on the Management of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,64pp.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48511/marketsegmentati00bres.pdf
PC産業関連(単行本)
Augarten, Stan (1984) Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers , Ticknor & Fields.
Duetsch, Larry L.(2002) Industry studies, M E Sharpe Inc.,pp.322-323
Freiberger,Paul and Michael Swaine (1984) Fire in the Valley: The Making of the  Personal Computer, Osborne/McGraw-Hill.
Loebbecke,James K. and Miklos Vasarhely (1986)  Microcomputers , Irwin.
PC産業関連(論文)
34. T. Modis and A. Debecker, “Innovation in the Computer Industry,”  Technological  Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.33 (1988), pp.267-278.
Apple関連(単行本)
Owen W. Linzmayer (1998) Apple Confidential : The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.,p.99

PCの1977-1980の分野別の出荷台数、平均販売価格、市場規模の歴史的推移

PCの1977-1980の分野別出荷台数、平均販売価格、市場規模の推移
Historic Personal Computer Market

  1977 1978 1979 1980 累計
Business          
Number of Units(1,000)  17 27 60 200 304
Average Selling Price($1,000)  1.9 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.9
End User Value ($1,000) 32 64 103 375 574
Technical          
Number of Units 4 13 30 45 92
Average Selling
Price 
4 3.8 3.3 2.7 3.1
End User Value 16 49 100 120 285
Education          
Number of Units 2 15 30 55 102
Average  Selling Price 1.5 1 uo  1.1 1.1
End User Value Hobby 3 16 30 60 109
Hobby          
Number of Units 30 100 130 148 408
Average Selling Price  1 1 1.1 0.9 1
Ead User Value 30 100 140 137 407
Home Application          
Number of Units 4 20 34 52 110
Average Selling
Price 
1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7
End User Value 4 16 21 38 79
Total          
Number of Units 57 175 284 500 1,016
Average Selling Price 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4
End User Value 85 245 394 730 1,454
Discounts 18 45 75 175 313
Factory Revenues 68 200 319 575 1,141
End User Value by Region          
United States 72 190 263 405 935
Canada 4 15 24 35 78
Western Europe 8 30 70 190 298
Japan 1 7 25 75 108
Rest of World 0 3 12 25 40
  85 245 394 730 1,454

[引用元]Farner, Gary Noble (1982) A competitive Analysis of the personal computer industry,unpublished S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1982., p.155のAppendix B
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/49568/10338177.pdf
[原出典]Dataquest
上記の表では、引用元の間違いと思われる数値を下記のように修正している。
1977年のBusiness部門のAverage Selling Priceの値4.6は、台数と市場規模の値から考えて1.9の間違いと思われる。
台数(Number of Units)の累計のTotalの値1,041は、各年の台数の累計および各部門の台数の累計の値から考えて1,016の間違いと思われる。

PCの販売台数シェアおよび総販売台数の推移 1976-1982

vPCの販売台数シェアおよび総販売台数の推移 1976-1982
1982年分は見積もり値

Company 1976 1978 1980 1982
MITS 25%      
IMSAI 17%      
ProcessorTechnology 8%      
RadioShack   50% 26% 18%
Commodore   12% 20% 16%
Apple   10% 19% 23%
IBM       14%
NEC       7%
Osborne       7%
Other 50% 28% 35% 15%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Total Units 15,000 200,000 500,000 1,500,000

[原出典]
1976年 McGlynn,Daniel (1979) Personal Computing,Wiley Pub.,  p.29.
1978年 McGlynn,Daniel (1979) Personal Computing,Wiley Pub., p.30.
1980年 Dataquest
1982年 様々な情報源に基づく著者の見積もり 
[引用元]
Farner, Gary Noble (1982) A competitive Analysis of the personal computer industry, unpublished S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1982., p.18のTable 3.1 PC Industry Unit Sales and Concentration
[関連参考データ]米国の主要PCメーカーの1979年および1982年の世界売上高(単位 100万ドル)

4K、 1M、4M DRAMの企業別市場シェア

4K、 1M、4M DRAMの企業別市場シェア
1975 1990 1992
4K DRAM 1M DRAM 4M DRAM
Intel 46% 東芝 22% Samsung 13%
Texas Instruments 25% Samsung 14% NEC 12%
Mostek 14% NEC 10% 日立 11%
NEC 4% 三菱 10% 東芝 11%
National 3% 日立 8% 富士通 9%

[出典] Gruber,H.(1998) “Learning by Doing and Spillovers: Further Evidence for the Semiconductor Industry.” Review of Industrial Organization, Vol.13, no.6

x86アーキテクチャのCPUの市場シェア関連資料

Albrecht, D. (2005) “AMD v. Intel: American Antitrust Law in the 21st Century” Engineering Law
2005年のAMDのIntelに対する訴訟(the 2005 AMD lawsuit against Intel)を取り扱ったもの
p.9 — 「過去数年間、Intelの売上高シェアは90%以上であり、AMDのシェアは約9%に留まっている。また最近8年間の内の7年間はx86マイクロプロセッサーの売上個数シェアはIntelが少なくとも80%を確保している。」
Point 25 in AMD‟s brief explains that “According to published reports, over the past several years it [Intel] has consistently achieved more than a 90% market share as measured by revenue, while AMD‟s share has remained at approximately 9%…Intel has captured at least 80% of x86 microprocessor unit sales in seven of the last eight years.”[注94] Per American Tobacco Co. v. Unites States, 80% market share constitutes monopoly.95 The 90% revenue figure also reveals a strong grip on the market, although the tests set forth in United States v. du Pont Co. and United States v. Aluminum Co. of America do not comment on the appropriateness of measuring market share by revenue versus of units shipped. In either case, it is hard to deny that Intel‟s 80% or more share of the x86 processor market is monopolistic in character. AMD‟s brief did not specify the sources of their market data, but the factual nature of AMD‟s monopoly claim combined with the well-settled tests for monopoly will be easy to confirm or deny after a thorough discovery process.
[注94]
Black, Henry Campbell, M.A., with Nolan, Joseph R., Associate Justice, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and Nolan-Haley, Jacqueline M., Associate Clinical Professor, Fordham University School of Law. Black‟s Law Dictionary. Abridged Sixth Edition. West Publishing Company, 1991,p.10

IBM5100のCPU – IBM PALM processor (Put All Logic in Microcode)

IBM5100(1975)はIBMのデスクトップコンピュータであり、そのCPUがPALMプロセッサである。PALMプロセッサはIBM5110(1978),IBM5120(1980)でも用いられている。
PALMプロセッサは1チップのCPUではなく、複数のICから構成されているカード型CPU(single-card microprocessor)である。すなわち、13個の正方形のICチップ(バイポーラゲートアレイ)、3個のTTL(Transistor-Transistor-Logic,バイポーラトランジスタ)、1個のround metal canから構成されている回路板(circuit board)である。
Roberson(1976)によれば、PALMプロセッサのマイクロ命令(microinstruction)は16ビット長で、パリティ用に追加の2ビットを持っている。64KBのメモリ空間
IBMはPALMプロセッサをmicroprocessorと呼んでいるが、これはmicrocodeを利用したマイクロプラグラム方式のプロセッサーという意味である。
カラー写真は下記にある。
http://www.classiccmp.org/dunfield/ibm5100/h/card5100.jpg
またPALMプロセッサに関する解説としては下記がある。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PALM_processor
IBM5100に関する解説およびPALMプロセッサのモノクロ写真は下記論文にある
Roberson,Dennis A. (1976) “A Microprocessor-Based Portable Computer: The IBM 5100”
 Proceedings of the IEEE, VOL. 64, NO. 6, JUNE 1976,pp.994-

マイクロプロセッサー売上高シェア推移 1977,1981,1890,1995

米国ドル換算によるマイクロプロセッサー市場の売上高シェア1977,1981,1890,1995
(Market shares in microprocessors percent of sales in US dollars)
         
Firms 8bit 16bit 32bit 32/64bit
(1977) (1981) (1990) (1995)
Intel 65% 70% 60% 77%
Motorola N/A 20% 21% 5%
AMD 1% 7%
Cyrix/IBM 5%
Other 10% 18% 6%
[出典] Gruber, H. (2000) “The evolution of market structure in semiconductors: the role of product standards,” Research Policy,29, p.735
[原出所] ICE

 

Market shares of generations in microprocessors and microcontrollers in 1987 and 1996 percent of sales value in US dollars.

米国ドル換算によるマイクロプロセッサーおよびマイクロコントローラー市場の売上高シェア
         
  1987 1996
  Microprocessors Microcontrollers Microprocessors Microcontrollers
4-bit 0 28 0 15
8-bit 31 67 1 61
16-bit 44 5 2 24
32-bit 25   97  
Total 100 100 100 100
Microprocessors 1996の32bitの中には64-bit microprocessorsにも含まれている。
[出典]Gruber, H. (2000) “The evolution of market structure in semiconductors: the role of product standards,” Research Policy,29, p.737
[原出所]ICE