History and Theory of Computer by 佐野研究室
PC産業関連（MIT修士論文）
Farner, Gary Noble (1982) A competitive Analysis of the personal computer industry, S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1982.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/49568/10338177.pdf
Schreiber, Deborah F. (1983) The strategic evolution of the personal computer industry, S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1983.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/49888/11215844.pdf
Cohen, Jeremy Michael(1988) Rapid change in the personal computer market : a quality-adjusted Hedonic Price Index 1976-1987,S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1988.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/37699/19034803.pdf
Kai,Hidetaka(1992) Competitive Strategy Under Standardization in the Personal Computer Industry and Its Influence on New Entrants, unpublished S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1992.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/12794/27229594.pdf
PC産業関連（論文）
Toong, Hoo-min D., Gupta, Amar (1982) “Personal computers”,Scientific American, Dec. 1982, vol. 247, no.6: p. 86-107.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48857/personalcomputer00toon.pdf
Einstein,Marcus E. AND Janes C. Franklin “Computer manufacturing enters a new era of growth,” Monthly Labor Review, September 1986
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1986/09/art2full.pdf
同論文のp.10のTable 1 “Domestic consumption of micro, mini, and mainframe computers,’ 1960-84″が役立つ
Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Stern, Scott; Trajtenberg, Manuel(1996) “Market segmentation and the sources of rents from innovation : personal computers in the late 1980’s” Working paper (Sloan School of Management) ; 3927., WP (International Center for Research on the Management of Technology) ; 154-96.Cambridge, MA : International Center for Research on the Management of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,64pp.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48511/marketsegmentati00bres.pdf
PC産業関連（単行本）
Augarten, Stan (1984) Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers , Ticknor & Fields.
Duetsch, Larry L.(2002) Industry studies, M E Sharpe Inc.,pp.322-323
Freiberger,Paul and Michael Swaine (1984) Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, Osborne/McGraw-Hill.
Loebbecke,James K. and Miklos Vasarhely (1986) Microcomputers , Irwin.
PC産業関連（論文）
34. T. Modis and A. Debecker, “Innovation in the Computer Industry,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol.33 (1988), pp.267-278.
Apple関連（単行本）
Owen W. Linzmayer (1998) Apple Confidential : The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.,p.99
PCの1977-1980の分野別出荷台数、平均販売価格、市場規模の推移
Historic Personal Computer Market
| 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 累計 | |
| Business | |||||
| Number of Units(1,000) | 17 | 27 | 60 | 200 | 304 |
| Average Selling Price($1,000) | 1.9 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| End User Value ($1,000) | 32 | 64 | 103 | 375 | 574 |
| Technical | |||||
| Number of Units | 4 | 13 | 30 | 45 | 92 |
| Average Selling Price |
4 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
| End User Value | 16 | 49 | 100 | 120 | 285 |
| Education | |||||
| Number of Units | 2 | 15 | 30 | 55 | 102 |
| Average Selling Price | 1.5 | 1 | uo | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| End User Value Hobby | 3 | 16 | 30 | 60 | 109 |
| Hobby | |||||
| Number of Units | 30 | 100 | 130 | 148 | 408 |
| Average Selling Price | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1 |
| Ead User Value | 30 | 100 | 140 | 137 | 407 |
| Home Application | |||||
| Number of Units | 4 | 20 | 34 | 52 | 110 |
| Average Selling Price |
1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| End User Value | 4 | 16 | 21 | 38 | 79 |
| Total | |||||
| Number of Units | 57 | 175 | 284 | 500 | 1,016 |
| Average Selling Price | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
| End User Value | 85 | 245 | 394 | 730 | 1,454 |
| Discounts | 18 | 45 | 75 | 175 | 313 |
| Factory Revenues | 68 | 200 | 319 | 575 | 1,141 |
| End User Value by Region | |||||
| United States | 72 | 190 | 263 | 405 | 935 |
| Canada | 4 | 15 | 24 | 35 | 78 |
| Western Europe | 8 | 30 | 70 | 190 | 298 |
| Japan | 1 | 7 | 25 | 75 | 108 |
| Rest of World | 0 | 3 | 12 | 25 | 40 |
| 85 | 245 | 394 | 730 | 1,454 |
[引用元]Farner, Gary Noble (1982) A competitive Analysis of the personal computer industry,unpublished S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1982., p.155のAppendix B
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/49568/10338177.pdf
［原出典］Dataquest
上記の表では、引用元の間違いと思われる数値を下記のように修正している。
1977年のBusiness部門のAverage Selling Priceの値4.6は、台数と市場規模の値から考えて1.9の間違いと思われる。
台数(Number of Units）の累計のTotalの値1,041は、各年の台数の累計および各部門の台数の累計の値から考えて1,016の間違いと思われる。
vPCの販売台数シェアおよび総販売台数の推移 1976-1982
1982年分は見積もり値
| Company | 1976 | 1978 | 1980 | 1982 |
| MITS | 25% | |||
| IMSAI | 17% | |||
| ProcessorTechnology | 8% | |||
| RadioShack | 50% | 26% | 18% | |
| Commodore | 12% | 20% | 16% | |
| Apple | 10% | 19% | 23% | |
| IBM | 14% | |||
| NEC | 7% | |||
| Osborne | 7% | |||
| Other | 50% | 28% | 35% | 15% |
| Total | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| Total Units | 15,000 | 200,000 | 500,000 | 1,500,000 |
[原出典]
1976年 McGlynn,Daniel (1979) Personal Computing,Wiley Pub., p.29.
1978年 McGlynn,Daniel (1979) Personal Computing,Wiley Pub., p.30.
1980年 Dataquest
1982年 様々な情報源に基づく著者の見積もり
[引用元]
Farner, Gary Noble (1982) A competitive Analysis of the personal computer industry, unpublished S.M. thesis (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Alfred P. Sloan School of Management), May 1982., p.18のTable 3.1 PC Industry Unit Sales and Concentration
［関連参考データ］米国の主要PCメーカーの1979年および1982年の世界売上高(単位 100万ドル）
1975年にIBMは、RISCの設計原理(RISC design principle)に基づくマイクロプロセッサーの開発を目的とした研究プロジェクトを開始した。最初は「RISCの父」と呼ばれるJohn Cockeが研究プロジェクトを指導した。
| 1975 | 1990 | 1992 | |||
| 4K DRAM | 1M DRAM | 4M DRAM | |||
| Intel | 46% | 東芝 | 22% | Samsung | 13% |
| Texas Instruments | 25% | Samsung | 14% | NEC | 12% |
| Mostek | 14% | NEC | 10% | 日立 | 11% |
| NEC | 4% | 三菱 | 10% | 東芝 | 11% |
| National | 3% | 日立 | 8% | 富士通 | 9% |
[出典] Gruber,H.(1998) “Learning by Doing and Spillovers: Further Evidence for the Semiconductor Industry.” Review of Industrial Organization, Vol.13, no.6
Albrecht, D. (2005) “AMD v. Intel: American Antitrust Law in the 21st Century” Engineering Law
2005年のAMDのIntelに対する訴訟(the 2005 AMD lawsuit against Intel)を取り扱ったもの
p.9 — 「過去数年間、Intelの売上高シェアは90%以上であり、AMDのシェアは約9%に留まっている。また最近8年間の内の7年間はx86マイクロプロセッサーの売上個数シェアはIntelが少なくとも80%を確保している。」
Point 25 in AMD‟s brief explains that “According to published reports, over the past several years it [Intel] has consistently achieved more than a 90% market share as measured by revenue, while AMD‟s share has remained at approximately 9%…Intel has captured at least 80% of x86 microprocessor unit sales in seven of the last eight years.”[注94] Per American Tobacco Co. v. Unites States, 80% market share constitutes monopoly.95 The 90% revenue figure also reveals a strong grip on the market, although the tests set forth in United States v. du Pont Co. and United States v. Aluminum Co. of America do not comment on the appropriateness of measuring market share by revenue versus of units shipped. In either case, it is hard to deny that Intel‟s 80% or more share of the x86 processor market is monopolistic in character. AMD‟s brief did not specify the sources of their market data, but the factual nature of AMD‟s monopoly claim combined with the well-settled tests for monopoly will be easy to confirm or deny after a thorough discovery process.
[注94]
Black, Henry Campbell, M.A., with Nolan, Joseph R., Associate Justice, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and Nolan-Haley, Jacqueline M., Associate Clinical Professor, Fordham University School of Law. Black‟s Law Dictionary. Abridged Sixth Edition. West Publishing Company, 1991,p.10
IBM5100(1975)はIBMのデスクトップコンピュータであり、そのCPUがPALMプロセッサである。PALMプロセッサはIBM5110(1978),IBM5120(1980)でも用いられている。
PALMプロセッサは1チップのCPUではなく、複数のICから構成されているカード型CPU（single-card microprocessor）である。すなわち、13個の正方形のICチップ（バイポーラゲートアレイ）、3個のTTL(Transistor-Transistor-Logic,バイポーラトランジスタ)、1個のround metal canから構成されている回路板(circuit board)である。
Roberson(1976)によれば、PALMプロセッサのマイクロ命令(microinstruction)は16ビット長で、パリティ用に追加の2ビットを持っている。64KBのメモリ空間
IBMはPALMプロセッサをmicroprocessorと呼んでいるが、これはmicrocodeを利用したマイクロプラグラム方式のプロセッサーという意味である。
カラー写真は下記にある。
http://www.classiccmp.org/dunfield/ibm5100/h/card5100.jpg
またPALMプロセッサに関する解説としては下記がある。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PALM_processor
IBM5100に関する解説およびPALMプロセッサのモノクロ写真は下記論文にある
Roberson,Dennis A. (1976) “A Microprocessor-Based Portable Computer: The IBM 5100”
Proceedings of the IEEE, VOL. 64, NO. 6, JUNE 1976,pp.994-
IBM360,IBM5100などIBM社のさまざまなコンピュータのマニュアル等の資料を下記からダウンロードできる。
http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/
なおIBMのtypewriter関連資料もダウンロードできる。
http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/typewriter/
